HowTo Qmail-Scanner and ClamAV

Qmail-Scanner and ClamAV HowTo

How To ClamAV

What is ClamAV?

From the ClamAV website:

"Clam AntiVirus is a GPL anti-virus toolkit for UNIX. The main purpose of this software is the integration with mail servers (attachment scanning). The package provides a flexible and scalable multi-threaded daemon, a command line scanner, and a tool for automatic updating via Internet. The programs are based on a shared library distributed with the Clam AntiVirus package, which you can use with your own software. Most importantly, the virus database is kept up to date."

Installing ClamAV

Download the ClamAV source at http://www.clamav.net. As of the writing of this HOWTO, the latest version is 0.65.

#tar -xvzf clamav-0.65.tar.gz #cd clamav-0.65 #groupadd clamav #useradd clamav -g clamav -c "Clam AntiVirus" -s /nonexistent . #/configure #make #make install #cd ..

Testing

As long as make and make install have finished without errors, you are now ready to test your installation (If you did experience errors, please review the ClamAV documentation that was included in the tar ball. You may also try the ClamAV website for some helpful tips). To test your installation type:

#clamscan -r -l scan.txt clamav-0.65

Clamscan should find a test virus (This is NOT a real virus) in the clamav-0.65/test directory and log it to the scan.txt log file.

Now you need to configure the ClamAV daemon, clamd, for testing.

#vi /usr/local/etc/clamav.conf

Comment out "Example" line in clamav.conf and save.

#clamdscan -l scan.txt clamav-0.65

This should provide output that is similar to the clamscan command you entered above.

Updating Defs

Now we need to update our virus definitions. Clamscan includes a utility, freshclam, to take care of this. Freshclam automatically changes from root to the clamav user that you created during the installation. First, create a log file that freshclam can log to.

#touch /var/log/clam-update.log #chmod 600 /var/log/clamupdate.log #chown clamav /var/log/clamupdate.log

Now start freshclam:

#freshclam -d -c 6 -l /var/log/clam-update.log

This checks for a new virus definition database six (6) times a day. Check the /var/log/clam-update.log file. It should look something like this:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ClamAV update process started at Wed Jan 28 17:49:48 2004 main.cvd is up to date (version: 19, sigs: 19987, f-level: 1, builder: ddm) daily.cvd updated (version: 111, sigs: 597, f-level: 1, builder: tomek) Database updated (20584 signatures) from database.clamav.net (81.4.91.185). -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Now add the freshclam -d -c 6 -l /var/log/clam-update.log to your startup scripts.

You can also setup a cronjob to update the Defs every 6 hours, if you like.

#vi /etc/crontab

0 6 * * * root /usr/local/bin/clamscan

Setting up Clamd and Using With Daemontools

Edit /etc/clamd.conf and make the following changes.

#vi /etc/clamd.conf

Uncomment "LogSyslog"

Uncomment "StreamSaveToDisk"

Uncomment "MaxThreads" and change value to "30"

Uncomment "User" and change value to "qscand"

Uncomment "Foreground"

Uncomment "ScanMail"

Create the clamav directory.

#mkdir -p /usr/local/clamav/bin

Now create a startup/shutdown script for clamd. Copy and paste the script shown below. This script was written by Jesse D. Guardiani.

#vi /usr/local/clamav/bin/clamdctl #!/bin/sh # For Red Hat chkconfig # chkconfig: - 80 30 # description: the ClamAV clamd daemon PATH=/usr/local/clamav/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin export PATH case "$1" in start) echo "Starting clamd" if svok /service/clamd ; then svc -u /service/clamd else echo clamd supervise not running fi if [ -d /var/lock/subsys ]; then touch /var/lock/subsys/clamd fi ;; stop) echo "Stopping clamd..." echo " clamd" svc -d /service/clamd if [ -f /var/lock/subsys/clamd ]; then rm /var/lock/subsys/clamd fi ;; stat) svstat /service/clamd svstat /service/clamd/log ;; restart) echo "Restarting clamd:" echo "* Stopping clamd." svc -d /service/clamd echo "* Sending clamd SIGTERM and restarting." svc -t /service/clamd echo "* Restarting clamd." svc -u /service/clamd ;; hup) echo "Sending HUP signal to clamd." svc -h /service/clamd ;; help) cat <

Make clamdctl an executable and link to path:

#chmod 755 /usr/local/clamav/bin/clamdctl

#chown clamav /usr/local/clamav/bin/clamdctl

#ln -s /usr/local/clamav/bin/clamdctl /usr/local/bin

To start clamd backup, do the following

#clamdctl start

How To Qmail-Scanner

What Is Qmail-Scanner?

From the Qmail-Scanner website: "Qmail-Scanner is an addon that enables a qmail email server to scan all gateway-ed email for certain characteristics (i.e. a content scanner). It is typically used for its anti-virus protection functions, in which case it is used in conjunction with commercial virus scanners, but also enables a site (at a server/site level) to react to email that contains specific strings in particular headers, or particular attachment filenames or types (e.g. *.VBS attachments). It also can be used as an archiving tool for auditing or backup purposes. Qmail-Scanner is integrated into the mail server at a lower level than some other Unix-based virus scanners, resulting in better performance. It is capable of scanning not only locally sent/received email, but also email that crosses the server in a relay capacity."

Installing Qmail-Scanner Prerequisites

Maildrop

What is Maildrop:

From the maildrop web site:

"maildrop is the mail filter/mail delivery agent that's used by the Courier Mail Server."

You will not be using Maildrop or the Courier Mail Server for this installation. However, Qmail-Scanner requires reformmime, which is included in Maildrop. This is the only reason Maildrop is mentioned in this HOWTO.

Download and unpack the latest version of Maildrop. Please read the INSTALL file included in the tar ball.

#./configure

#make

#make install-strip

#make install-man

Perl Modules

Time::HiRes Perl module:

From the README file in the tar ball:

Time::HiRes module: High resolution time, sleep, and alarm. "Implement usleep, ualarm, and gettimeofday for Perl, as well as wrappers to implement time, sleep, and alarm that know about non-integral seconds."

DB_File Perl module:

From the README file in the tar ball:

"DB_File is a module which allows Perl programs to make use of the facilities provided by Berkeley DB version 1. (DB_File can be built version 2, 3 or 4 of Berkeley DB, but it will only support the 1.x features),"

Download Time::HiRes and DB_File Perl Modules. The modules can be obtained at www.cpan.org (See Appendix C). There is a HOWTO there as well that will explain the installation procedure of Perl modules. Once again, please read the instructions included in the tar balls and review the README information before installing.

Mark Simpson's TNEF Unpacker

What is TNEF Unpacker:

This utility unpacks ms-tnef type MIME attachments. For a better explanation of MIME type attachments, please review http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1521.txt?number=1521 .

Download the package, and uncompress the tar ball. As with the Maildrop install, you should read the INSTALL file included in the tar ball.

#./configure

#./make check

#./make install

Patching qmail

If you have not already done so, please install Bruce Guenter?s QMAILQUEUE patch.

To patch qmail, download the patch to your qmail source directory.

#patch -p1

#./make setup check

Installing Qmail-Scanner

We are now ready to install Qmail-Scanner. Download the latest source of Qmail-Scanner. As of the writing of this HOWTO, it is 1.20.

Create a user for Qmail-Scanner to run as.

#groupadd qscand

#useradd qscand -g qscand -c "qmail scanner" -s /nonexistent

Unpack the tar ball and change to the Qmail-Scanner directory.

#tar -zxvf qmail-scanner-1.20.tar.gz

#cd qmail-scanner-1.20

Run Configure to autodetect what software is installed on your system. Review the output to make sure it is correct. It should look similar to this:

#./configure This script will search your system for the virus scanners it knows about, and will ensure that all external programs qmail-scanner-queue.pl uses are explicitly pathed for performance reasons. It will then generate qmail-scanner-queue.pl - it is up to you to install it correctly. Continue? ([Y]/N) Found tnef on your system! That means we'll be able to decode stupid M$ attachments :-) The following binaries and scanners were found on your system: mimeunpacker=/usr/local/bin/reformime unzip=/usr/bin/unzip tnef=/usr/local/bin/tnef Content/Virus Scanners installed on your System clamuko=/usr/local/bin/clamdscan (which means clamscan won't be used as clamdscan is better) Qmail-Scanner details. log-details=0 fix-mime=1 debug=1 notify=sender,admin redundant-scanning=no virus-admin=root@mail --substitute you domain here local-domains='mail' --substitute your domain here silent-viruses='klez','bugbear','hybris','yaha','braid','nimda','tanatos','sobig','winevar','palyh','fizzer','gibe',' cailont','lovelorn','swen','dumaru','sober','hawaii','holar-i' scanners="clamuko_scanner" If that looks correct, I will now generate qmail-scanner-queue.pl for your system... Continue? ([Y]/N)

Now type:

# ./configure ?install

This installs qmail-scanner-queue.pl and creates the necessary directory structures. You should see similar messages as before. Once again, read the output of the script to make sure everything is correct. If it is press ENTER to install Qmail-scanner.

If qmail has been installed successfully, qmail-scanner-queue.pl should now be installed. You should see qmail-scanner-queue.pl in /var/qmail/bin.

#ls /var/qmail/bin

/var/qmail/bin/qmail-scanner-queue.pl

Ownership

In order for Qmail-Scanner to be able to use ClamAV, some of the ClamAV ownerships must be changed. If you recall, we made a clamav user to run ClamAV, and then changed the permissions so only the clamav user could run it. Now we need to provide the qscand user privledges to use ClamAV First, change the ownership of the clamd supervise directories.

#chown -R qscand /usr/local/clamav/supervise

Now change the ownership of the ClamAV log file:

#chown -R qscand /var/log/clamd

Testing

Now test Qmail-Scanner:

#./contrib./test_instaltion.sh -doit

Sending standard test message - no viruses...done!

Sending eicar test virus - should be caught by perlscanner module... done!

Sending eicar test virus with altered filename - should only be caught by commercial anti-virus modules (if you have any)...

Now check the e-mail for your postmaster alias account.

You should now have 4 email messages in your postmaster?s mailbox

If you do not have the 4 messages in the postmaster's mailbox, then: Verify that you are checking the proper mailbox.

Re-execute the configure script for qmail-scanner-queue.pl. Verify that the 'virus-admin' from the script output is the same as your qmail postmaster alias.

Check qmail to see if the messages are in the queue. If they are try issuing a 'qmailctl' flush command to force delivery.

Configuring qmail to Use qmail-scanner-queue.pl

Changing Your Tcp Rules

Once everything is installed, configured, and successfully tested, configure qmail to utilize Qmail-Scanner and ClamAV. If you have followed the instructions found in Dave Sills Life With qmail (see Appendix A: Reading Resources), you should have a tcp.smtp file in your /etc directory. You must edit tcp.smtp file to include the QMAILQUEUE variable.

#vi /etc/tcp.smtp 127.:allow,RELAYCLIENT="",QMAILQUEUE="/var/qmail/bin/qmail-queue" 10.:allow,RELAYCLIENT="",QMAILQUEUE="/var/qmail/bin/qmail-scanner-queue.pl" :allow,QMAILQUEUE="/var/qmail/bin/qmail-scanner-queue.pl"

IMP NOTE :- Many Sites show

:allow.QMAILQUEUE="/var/qmail/bin/qmail-scanner-queue.pl"

which is wrong and the correct one is 

:allow,QMAILQUEUE="/var/qmail/bin/qmail-scanner-queue.pl"

As you can see, we use qmail-queue for all local deliveries by setting the QMAILQUEUE variable to be the original qmail-queue. We then changed the local subnet mail deliveries to use qmail-scanner-queue.pl. This causes all local subnet SMTP traffic to be scanned by Qmail-Scanner and ClamAV. The last line of this file scans all inbound emails.

After adding the QMAILQUEUE variables, you must rebuild the cdb file for Qmail.

Increasing Your Softlimit

If you try to send an email message, you will most likely receive an error from your client. The error message will say something that includes this:

451 qq temporary problem (#4.3.0)

If you followed Life with qmail, you then have a memory limit set in the /var/qmail/supervise/qmail-smtpd/run file. Look for the line that contains softlimit. It should look similar to this:

exec /usr/local/bin/softlimit -m 2000000 \

That's it U r Done with the Installation !!

Now Qmail-Scanner and ClamAV will run succesfully !!!!

Swami Vivekananda

"Strength is life........Weakness is death"


When I Asked God for Strength
He Gave Me Difficult Situations to Face

When I Asked God for Brain & Brown
He Gave Me Puzzles in Life to Solve

When I Asked God for Happiness
He Showed Me Some Unhappy People

When I Asked God for Wealth
He Showed Me How to Work Hard

When I Asked God for Favours
He Showed Me Opportunities to Work Hard

When I Asked God for Peace
He Showed Me How to Help Others

God Gave Me Nothing I Wanted
He Gave Me Everything I Needed

Swami Vivekananda

Funny Sms

FUNNY SMS

Zindagi ko khushiyon ne pukara hai, sada muskurao aap ye sandesha humara hai, phool khilte rahe jeevan me aapke, kaanto k liye daman humara hai..

Zindgi ki asli udaan abhi baki hai,apne iradon ka imthan abhi baki hai,abhi to naapi hai mutthi bhar zamin aage abhi sara asman baki hai..!

Har pal pe apka hi naam hoga,apke har kadam par duniya kaa salaam hoga, mushkilon ka samna himmat se karna ae dost,dua he meri ek din waqt bhi apka gulam hoga.

Raate gumnam hoti hai din kisi k naam hota hai hum zindagi kuch is tarah se jite hai ki har lamha sirf aap k naam hota hai.

Medical shayari..When V breathe...V inspire...Wah wah when Vbreathe, V inspire... When V don't breathe....V expire


Har Sawal Se Dat Kar Ladna, Fekne Me Kami Mat Karna, Mouka Mila To Peche Bhi Dekhna, Aur Ek Baath Yaad Rakhna, Aage Wale Ka Paper Apna Samajhna


falak ki jid hai, jahan bijli girane ki, hamen bhi jid hai wahan aansiyan banane ki,jamana sun raha tha bade gaor se magar,mohabbat me bhi dam hai saone sajane ki


Har ek jazbat ko zuban nahi milti.Har ek aarzu ko dua nahi milti. Muskan banaye rakho to duniya h sath.Ansu ko to ankho me bhi panah nahi milti.


Bhigi palkon k sang muskurate hai hum,pal-pal dil ko behlate hai hum,tu dur hai hum se to kya,har saans mei teri aahat paate hai hum.


Dosti nahi chahiye FOOLON jaisiJo sirf kuch pal KHUSHBHU deDosti nahi chahiye SURAJ jaisiJo her waqt AAG failati haiDosti nahi chahiye CHAND jaisiJo din mein SAATH na deDosti nahi chahiye PARCHHAI jaisiJo andhere me PICHHA chhodh deDosti chahiye SANSO jaisi jo maut tak SAATH de.


Ye ansu bhi khambqat ek pareshani hai,khushi aur gam dono ki nishani hai. samjhne walo k liye anmol aur na samjhne walo k liye pani hai..


RAAT k ANDHERE me Sara JAHANSOTA hai,Lekin kisi ki YAAD me Ek DIL rota hai. KHUDA kre K kisi par koi DIL Fida na kre, Agar kre to MAUT se pehle JUDA na kre.


Chale jayenge magar yad chod jayenge,aapke dil me apni nishani chod jayenge.Kabhi roange kabhi muskraoge,hum apni dosti ki woh Nisani chod jayenge.


Kisiki muhabbat se hammne kya paya hai, raat ki nind or din ka chan gavaya hai,kya kare hum is dil ka,jise ajj barbaad ho kar b hosh nahi aya hai.


One day Santa was climing on a tree. A Money sitting on the tree asked "Why u r climing the tree"?Santa: kele khane., Monkey: Lekin yeh to Aam ka per hai.Santa: Mujhe pata hai, iseley mai kele saath laya hoo.


Ishq ne insan ko kya se kya bana diya,kisiko kavi to kisiko katil bana diya, 2 phulon ka bojh na utha sakti thi Mumtaz or Shahjahan ne us par Tajmahal bana diya


PANI KI BUNDE PHULO KO BHIGA RAHI HAITHANDI LEHRE TAZGI JAGA RAHI HAI HO JAIYE AP BHI INME SHAMIL, PYARI SI SUBAH APKE LIYE KHUSIYAN LA RAHI HAI.


Dil se aapka khayaal jaata nahi..... Aapke siwa koi yaad aata nahi..... Hasrat hai roz aapko dekhu..... Par kambakht woh madaari aapko roz laata nahi.....


Asman se utri he,taro se sajai he,chand k chandni se nehlai h...Ae dost smbhal k rkhna ye dosti,ye rista meri zndagi bhar k kamai he.


DIL KO THAAM KAR HAR WAQT USKI YAAD MAE KHOYE RAHTE HAI HUM.AB TOH YE HALT HO GAYE HAI PYAR MAE, JAGKAR BHI SOYE RAHE RAHTE HAI HUM.


Ms Meena! Ms Meena! Ms Meena.! now u r thinking that who is Ms Meena? arey yaar I m just asking u that u miss me na?


1 lamhe me unhone zindagi savaardi,1 lamhe me unhone zindagi bigaad di,kasur unka nahi hamara tha, jo un 2 lamho me hamne zindagi guzzar Di.


Bina Chot Khaye Ehsas Nahi Hota, Har Koi Duniya Me Khas Nhi Hota, MagarJiski Aarzu Dil Se Ho Jati Hai, Vo Hi Hamare Pas Nahi Hota....


Doston ka to aana jana he, par ye dost tera purana he. is dost ko bhula na dena kabhi yaar, kyuki ye dost Aapki dosti ka deewana hai...!


Yaad aati hai to,zara kho jate haiAansu ankho mein utar aaye to,zara ro jate haiNeend to nahi aati ankho mein lekin aap khwab mein aoge yeh sochke so jate hai


Jam pe jam pine se kya faida, raat ko piyoge to subah utar jayegi. Sirf do boond hamari dosti ki pilo, sach kahte he sari jindagi nashe me geogey


Friends and friendship,its a package of feelings,nobody can make it,nobody can delete it,nobody can explain it,only one can feel it...


Ishq ik nasha hai joh dard ki gali me bikta hai.Yeh ik pal ka maza hai par zindgi bhar ki saja hai.Use mout kya maregi jo khud saja-e-ishq me fasaa hai.


Taare aasmaan mein chamakte hai , baadal duur hai phir bhi baraste hai, hum bhi kitne naadan hai, aap dil mein rehte hai aur hum milne ko taraste hai..

Aakash ke taaron me khoya hai jahan sara,lagta hai pyara ek ek tara,un taron mein sabse pyara hai ek sitara jo is waqt padh raha hai Message Hamara. SUBHRATRI.


Duniya me sabse pyaari hai teri yaari, Dekh k ye jal gayi duniya saari, Kya tumhe yaad ati nahi hamaari... To chal ab SMS karne ki teri bari...


Girls are like computer virus, They enter your life, Scan ur pocket, Transfer ur money. Edit ur mind, Download their problems, Delete ur smile and hang ur future!!


ek sardar ye sochte hue mar gaya ki meri bahan ke 2 bhai ha aour mere ek hi ha ... ha ha ha


give me answar: ager aankhin milne ke baad 2 aur 2 = 4 hoon jate hai to to 2 dil milne ke baad 1 kyu ho jate hai ..............Repaly me with a solid reason ....... its a chelling for u


PAHLE TO SHAYRON ME MRA KARTA THA MEIN.AB TO HAKIKAT ME MRNE KE DIN AA GAYE HAI.THA ARMAN BARSON PAHLE MOUT KO GALE LAGANE KA,AB VO ARMAN PURE KARNE KE DIN AA GAYE HAI


Making 100 friends in a year isn't big..but an achievement is to make a friend for 100 years. I know i ve made 1 dats u!!


waqt or khushi aapke gulam honge, har pal or pehlu aapke naam honge, jara mud kar dekhna mere dost, aapke har kadam ke niche mere haathon ke nishan honge


jaise chahte they hum unhe,woh bhi hume chahte toh kya baat hoti,paane ka armaan toh tha,bin mangey mil jate toh kya baat hoti,is dil mein pyar tha kitna,woh jaan lete toh kya baat hoti,humne manga tha unhe khuda se,woh bhi humein maang lete toh kya baat hoti


chale jayengey par yaadein suhani chod kar,aapke dil mein apni nishani chod kar,kabhi royogey kabhi muskurayogey,hum jayengey dosti ki woh kahani chod kar..


What is trust ?? Trust is a feeling that a one year child has , when you throw him in air and catch again , and he enjoys it


Intazar ke pal bitna mushkil hai,bite hue lamhe pas lana mushkil hai, jo ek bar bas jaye dilme dhadkan banke, wo pyar dil se bhulana mushkil hai.


Dosti yakeen par tiki hoti hai, Ye deewar badi mushkil se khadi hoti hai , kabhi fursat mile to padhna kitab rishton ki . DOSTI KHOON KE RISHTE SE BHI BADI HAI.


Dosti ki pyari surat ho tum. kisi ki jindgi ki jarurt ho tum. khubsoort to phul b bahut h yar mere liye phul se b badhkar khubsoort ho tum.


DIL KI DHADKAN TEJ HAI,SAASO MAE BEKRARI HAI.DIL KI DHADKAN TEJ HAI SAASO MAE BEKRARI HAI. AARE!JALDI CHECK UP KARA LAGTA HAI Dame KI BIMARI HAI.


Tanhai na paye koi kisi k sath k bad,judai na paye koi kisi se milne k bad.Na pade kisiko adat kisiki itni,k har sans bhi aye uski yad k bad....!


Lakh chahoge bhul na paoge. hum se juda hokar ji na paoge.chahe kitani bhi khusiya luta do hum par, hamari dosti ko overtake nahi kar paoge..

Mujhse mat poocho ki kyun aankhen jhuka li maine,teri tasveer thi jo tujhse chupa li maine..uspe likha tha ki teri mohabbat mere muqaddar mein nahi,yahi soch kar apne maathe ki woh lakeer mita li maine...

Saalon baad na jane kya sama hoga,hum sab doston me se jane kaun kahan hoga,fir milna hua to milenge khwabon me,jaise sukhe gulab milte hain kitabon mein:-


Hum Lafzon se kuchh bhi izhaar nahi karte iska matlab ye nahin ki hum Use pyar nahi karte Chahte hai Ushe aaj bhi par Uski soch main apna waqt bekar nahi karte Tamasha na banjaye kahin mohabat meri isliye apne dard ko dhikhya nahi karte Jo kuchh mila he usi me khush hai Uske liye Khuda se takrar nahi karte par kuch to bat hai uski fitrat mai warna use chahne ko dil bar bar nahi karta.


Galti se pyar kar baithe hum nadaan the,uski aadat uski fitrat se anjaan the,waqt ne humko khilona bana diya yaaro,warna hum bhi kabhi mehfilo ki jaan the.


Father- Raat ko tum pi k gutter mein gir gaye the. Son- Kya bataon dad GALAT SANGAT ki wajah se hua,hum 4 dost..1 bottle...Or wo teeno pite hi nahi the...

Har pal me pyaar hai,Har lamhey me khushi,Kho do to ye yaaden hai,G lo to ye zindagi....So ye LAMHA or PAL apne liye na sahi PAR mere liye to GEO.

Palbhar me toot jaye wo kasam hum nahi,dosto kobhool jaye wo hum nahi,tum hame bhool jao is baat me dum nahi.kyonki tum hame bhul jao itne burehum nahin.

kitni jaldi yeh mulakat guzar jati hai,pyaas bhujti nahi barsat guzar jati hai,apni yadon se keh do is tarah na aaya karein,neend aati nahi aur raat guzar jati hai.

ek pal ka ehsaas ban kar aate ho tum,dusre hi pal khushbu ki tarah ud jate ho tum,jante ho tanhaiyon se dar lagta hai,phir bhi humein tanha chod jate ho tum

Bhehar ki gali main paan ki dukan, Devdas ne dekhi Paro Ki muskan, Devdas ne khilaya paro ko paan, Khake paan Paro boli"Shukriya Bhai Jan

yeh aansu na hote aankhon mein,toh aankhein itni khoobsurat na hoti,yeh dard na hota dil mein,toh khushi ki keemat pata na hoti,yeh bewafai na ki hoti waqt ne,toh wafa ki kabhi chahat na hoti,agar mangne se puri ho jati muradein,toh uss khuda ki kabhi zarurat nahi hoti...

Na chaho itna hume chahaton se daar lagta hai,na aao itna kareeb judai se daar lagta hai,tumhari wafaon pe bharosa hai par apni "kissmat" se daar lagta hai..!

Na chaho itna hume chahaton se daar lagta hai,na aao itna kareeb judai se daar lagta hai,tumhari wafaon pe bharosa hai par apni "kissmat" se daar lagta hai..!


Nigahen aapki pehchan hai hamari,Muskarahat aapki shan hai hamari,Karna hifazat tum apni,Kyounki sanse aapki jaan hain hamari.


Log apna banake chod dete hai.Rishta gairo se jod lete hai..Hum to ek phool bhi na tod sake.Log to dil bhi tod dete hai.


Nigahen aapki pehchan hai hamari,Muskarahat aapki shan hai hamari,Karna hifazat tum apni,Kyounki sanse aapki jaan hain hamari.

Jis pal KHUDA ne tumhe banaya hoga,hajaaro sal dekha hoga,lakho saal nihara hoga,aur fir 1 bar jarur socha hoga,,,,,ABE YE HAI KYA..!!!

Pyar sigaar ki tarh hota hai,AAG ke roop me shuru hota hai,DHUYEN ki tarh badta hai aur RAAKH ke rup me khtam ho jaata hai.


A true friend is not like the RAIN which pours and goes away... A true friend is like the AIR, Sometimes silent but always around you.

Life never leaves u empty. It always replaces everything u lost! If it asks u 2 put something down.Its bcoz it wants u to pick up something better.

Aap se dur kaise reh pate, dil se apko kaise bhula pate, kaash aap sapno ke alawa sheeshe me base hote, khud ko bhi dekte to aap nazar aate..


Palko par apni baithaya hai tumhe,Badi duaon k baad paya hai tumhe,Aasani se nahi mile tum,NATIONAL ZOO PARK SE CHURAYA HAI TUMHE.

Punditji ne apke mobile ki rashi dekh kar bataya hai ki apke mobile pe Kanjusi ki Maha Dasha Mandra rahi hai. Turant mujhe dher sare SMS bhej ke Grah ki Shanti karen.. Dhanyavad

Charcha hai Ab aap haseeno ka didar nahi karte,
Aisa nahi ki aap unse pyar nahi karte,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Darte hai kharcha- bekaabo na ho jaye,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
kahin mohabaat par bhi tax laagu na ho jaye...

APRIL FOOL SMS COLLECTION

COLLECTION OF SMS ( APRIL FOOL )

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U are a...



B. I. T. C. H.



Beautiful



Intelligent



Talented



Cute



Horny



r u smiling now?



*YOU BITCH*

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WARNING ! ! !



This is a VIRUS . . .



When you turn your phone off it WON'T WORK AGAIN

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
You are a GHONCHU..

G-reat
H-ot
O-ne in million
N-aughty
C-ute
H-umble
U-nique

Zyada khush mat ho, hai to tu ghonchu hi...

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hi,

Doing nothing?

Then Make a Place,

4 Me in ur Heart!!

I May come there any time!

Ur's Faithfully,

"HeArT aTtAcK"

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aaj, kal, harpal, har samay, har vaqt, maheno, salo saal se ek DIL tumhare liye dhadakta tha aur dhadakta rahega aur wo DIL hai ur's own DEAR.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A study has proved that all fools use their THUMB while reading a SMS.
Now its 2 late dont try 2 change ur finger! Catch another fool!

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I want U to know that U are very important to me, It's impossible for me to live without U even 4 a second! U r my life & I can feel U everywhere.... DON'T MIND I WAS TALKING ABOUT OXYGEN...

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Manzil ki taraf badte chalo. Jo Dil kahe usi raah ko chuno. Peeche walo ko aage na aane do aur jo aage hain unse aage niklo. Tabhi ek achhe TRUCK DRIVER banoge!

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aisa DOSTANA hamara, Mai KASHTI tu kinara, Mai DHANUSH tu teer, Mai MATAR tu paneer, Mai VARSHA tu badal, Mai RAJMA tu chawal, Mai HOT tu cool, Mai APRIL tu....?

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SomeOne..
MiSSES U..
NeeDS U..
Worries About U
Lonely Without U
Guess Who?
THE MONKEY IN
... THE ZOO ...

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yeh sulagata jism, Yeh kamp Kampate Honth, Yeh Thartharata bua badan, Yeh ladkhadati aawaz, Mujhe pahle hi pata tha ki tumhe MALARIA hai.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fact1: You can not touch your lower lip with your tounge...






Fact2: After reading this, 99/100 idiots would try it..

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
You are one of the most CUTE persons in the world!!


Just a second, don't misunderstand.
CUTE means:
Creating
Useless
Troubles
Everywhere..

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
You are equal to sixty james bond!


How??


007 * 60 = 420

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plz don't read this


Nahi to
ho jayega

Kya?

Arre wahi
jis se hum darte hai
?
?
?
wahi jo is umar me aksar ho jata hai
?
?
?
dekha ho gaya na
?
?
TIME WASTE!!

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Attendence..

Pappu

Yes Sir

Bablu

Yes Sir

Tinku

Yes Sir

Ullu

??

Ullu

??

Ullu

Button dabana band kar, teri baari hai, attendence lagwa.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ov o

l e Y U

ov o

l e Y u

L V e ou

HARI OM!!
Kabhi Bhagwan ka Naam bhi liya karo.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Is kadar hum aapko chahte hai ki duniya
wale dekh ke jal jate hai, yu toh hum sabhi ko ULLU banate hai, lekin aap thoda JALDI ban jate hai...

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We've known each other for quite a while now, do u think we can b more than friends? cos i like u very much. will u b my partner 2 rob a bank?

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U R the one who is CHARMING
U R the one who is INTELLIGENT
U R the one who is CUTE
and I am the One who is spreading these RUMOURS.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A - U r Attractive
B - U r the Best
C - U r Cute
D - U r Dear 2 Me
E - U r Excellent
F - U r Funny
G - U r Good-Looking
H - hehehe
I - I'm
J - JOKING

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
So Sweet is ur SMILE???
so Sweet is ur STYLE???
so Sweet is ur VOICE???
so Sweet is ur EYE?????
see .......how Sweetly I LIE.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Legs utha ke karo.
Tange feala ke karo.
Ghuma ghuma ke karo.
Aage peechey dono taraf karo.
Jitna karoge utna halka mehsoos hoga.
*Ramdev ji ka yoga.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For pepsi "shahrukh"


For coke "aamir"


For mirinda "vivek"


For fanta "rani"


& For Thums Up "Akshay"


Don't worry
For Bante wala soda "You"
Cheers !!!

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
When things go wrong


When sadness fills your heart


When tears flow in your eyes


Always remember 3 things
1) I am with you
2) You have money
3) Bar is open, Lets go.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I want to suck you... lick you... wanna move my tongue all over you...wanna feel you in my mouth...yep, tat's how u...eat an ice cream.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In your life, when you wake up & don't see any one, then come to me, i'll be there to hold ur hand & take you to the EYE SPECIALIST

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Yaad hai ham pehle kahan milte the...... train ruki, khidki khuli, nazro se nazre mili aur aapne kahan,..... ALLAH KE NAAM PE KUCH DE DE BABA!!!!!!

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If u don't mind


If u don't feel bad



If don't hesitate



Please......



give me a



K



ki




kis




kiss




kiss......





kissan jam bottle
just RS.22.50 only. soon......

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I


I l


I lo


I lov


I love


I love you...



I love you the most.


I love you the best.



I love you a lot..



Bcoz MENAKA GANDHI said " People should LOVE animals.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Last night I Got a severe Head pain...
I went to the Doctor ...
He said that It would be cured If I send a SMS TO some lunatic person...

" Tell me,Whom do I know other than you.?"

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I Miss you a Lot Dear....


SENDER:
Aishwarya Rai
+919542496632


Message centre:
+919540099996


" Don't get excited. She sent It to me."

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today, tommorow and forever there will be one heart that would always beat for you.
You know Whose???
Your Own Stupid!!!

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If ever in your life u r very sad n feel that u have lost everything, I’ll come, hold ur hand, take u 4 walk on a bridge and show u where 2 jump from.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAKAYA, HAKAYA, RUMBHA, ZUMBHATIMBAK, TUMBA, JINGALA JINGA, RAGIRA, VAGIRA, HELULU, HETATA, NARAKA, HIBAHA. Congratulations!! u r perfect AADHIVASI.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Your girlfriend is:
Smart.
Intelligent.
Sweet.
Talented.
Excllent.
Romantic.
In short she is your S.I.S.T.E.R.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Roses are Red
Sky is Blue

My Bitch is Pregnant
Thanks to You....

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This cat, is cat, a cat, good cat, way cat, to cat, keep cat, an cat, idiot cat, busy cat, for cat,20 cat, seconds cat !... Now read it without the word cat.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Read each word reversely: A SUOMAF ROTCOD DLOT EM TAHT YLNO LATNEM STNEITAP EVAH EHT TNELAT OT DAER SMS NEVENEHW STI NETTIRW YLESREVER.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
When are you going to marry me? I can live without you. I love you dear, marry me within this month otherwise i will die.
See, how Aishwarya Rai messaged me! Silly girl.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Count S in SIHT SI WOH OT EKAM A DIPUTS YSUB

(hint-

it should be 5)



Read caps word reversely.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Feeling bored?
Wondering, what to do?

Open the zip!

Enter your hands in between your zip..

take out your...


book from your bag and study..

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U will be a ROSE for all TREES
U will be a SMILE
for all FACES
U will be WATER FALLS for all HILLS
&
U will be a BROHTER
for all CUTE GIRLS .

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hotho se jo choo liya,
Ehsaas Aab tak hai,
Aankhe Nam hai, Aur sanso mein Aag aab tak hain...
Aur kyo na ho... Khayi Bhi to 'HARI Mirchi...'-hai

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
When ur life is in darkness pray 2 God ask him 2 free u 4rm darkness &
after if u pray &ur still in darkness
, pls pay ur
ELECTRICITY BILL

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All ways keep your LOVER'S photo in your purse.when ever you are in big trouble see the photo.you will feel that No other problem bigger than this...

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If people says you are crazy, be patient.
if they say you are monkey, relax. if they say you are stupid,be cool but if they say you are smart, Thapad maar sale ko.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I am sorry yaar, aaj tak maine tujhe avoid kiya,kai bar tujhse bat nahi ki,tujhse hath nahi milaya,
Sorry yaar mujhe pata nahi tha ki “AIDS” chhune se nahi failta.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I wnt u to b wit me in a nice restaurant 2 hav CandleLight Dinner & say thos 3 sweet word 2 u.Pay The Bill

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The time since I have met u, i have realized that a friend like you is worth million dollars...
So, if u dont mind......

Can I sell you?

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ek bar kuch bandar jangal se bhag gaye phir wo hotel mein phuchen unme se ek pizaa kha raha tha ek burger kha raha tha aur kuch bade dhayan se ye message parh rahe the.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
True love is like an pillow, u can hug when you are in trouble, you can cry when you are in pain & u can embrace when you are happy. So when u need true love spend 100 bucks and buy a pillow.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
When u feel sad, to cheer up just go to the mirror and say, "damn I am really so cute". U will overcome your sadness. But don't make this a habit.
Coz liars go to hell.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hey get ready, my marriage is fixed.



Its on 1st of April. Surprised?



Stupid, 1st april is April fool, and u r the 1st person whom I fooled.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If you are in tension,
If nothing seems right,
If u find no way out,
Then just think of me only once,
I will be always there to INCREASE your tensions.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
When u feel lonly n alone & canot see any 1 around u,the wrld seems 2 b fading away,com along wit me I'l tak u to an eye specialist.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If u save this msg, it means I'm cute. If u edit this, I'm still cute. If u fwd this, u r spreading that i'm cute & if u erase
this, u r jealous of me coz i'm cute!

Converting a root filesystem to LVM

Backup Your System

It is strongly recommended that you take a full backup of your system before attempting to convert to root on LVM 1.

	Upgrade Complications
	Having your root filesystem on LVM 1 can significantly complicate upgrade procedures (depending on your distribution) so it should not be attempted lightly. Particularly, you must consider how you will insure that the LVM 1 kernel module (if you do not have LVM 1 compiled into the kernel) as well as the vgscan/vgchange tools are available before, during, and after the upgrade.

Recovery Complications

Having your root filesystem on LVM 1 can significantly complicate recovery of damaged filesystems. If you lose your initrd, it will be very difficult to boot your system. You will need to have a recover disk that contains the kernel, LVM 1 module, and LVM 1 tools, as well as any tools necessary to recover a damaged filesystem. Be sure to make regular backups and have an up-to-date alternative boot method that allows for recovery of LVM 1.

In this example the whole system was installed in a single root partition with the exception of /boot. The system had a 2 gig disk partitioned as:

/dev/hda1 /boot /dev/hda2 swap /dev/hda3 /

The / partition covered all of the disk not used by /boot and swap. An important prerequisite of this procedure is that the root partition is less that half full (so that a copy of it can be created in a logical volume). If this is not the case then a second disk drive should be used. The procedure in that case is similar but there is no need to shrink the existing root partition and /dev/hda4 should be replaced with (eg) /dev/hdb1 in the examples.

To do this it is easiest to use GNU parted. This software allows you to grow and shrink partitions that contain filesystems. It is possible to use resize2fs and fdisk to do this but GNU parted makes it much less prone to error. It may be included in your distribution, if not you can download it from ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/parted.

Once you have parted on your system AND YOU HAVE BACKED THE SYSTEM UP:

13.8.1. Boot single user

Boot into single user mode (type linux S at the LILO prompt) This is important. Booting single-user ensures that the root filesystem is mounted read-only and no programs are accessing the disk.

13.8.2. Run Parted

Run parted to shrink the root partition Do this so there is room on the disk for a complete copy of it in a logical volume. In this example a 1.8 gig partition is shrunk to 1 gigabyte This displays the sizes and names of the partitions on the disk

# parted /dev/hda (parted) p . . .

Now resize the partition:

(parted) resize 3 145 999

The first number here the partition number (hda3), the second is the same starting position that hda3 currently has. Do not change this. The last number should make the partition around half the size it currently is.

Create a new partition

(parted) mkpart primary ext2 1000 1999

This makes a new partition to hold the initial LVM 1 data. It should start just beyond the newly shrunk hda3 and finish at the end of the disk.

Quit parted

(parted) q

13.8.3. Reboot

Reboot the system

13.8.4. Verify kernel config options

Make sure that the kernel you are currently running works with LVM 1 and has CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM and CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD set in the config file.

13.8.5. Adjust partition type

Change the partition type on the newly created partition from Linux to LVM (8e). Parted doesn't understand LVM 1 partitions so this has to be done using fdisk.

# fdisk /dev/hda Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-4): 4 Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e Changed system type of partition 4 to 8e (Unknown) Command (m for help): w

13.8.6. Set up LVM 1 for the new scheme

• Initialize LVM 1 (vgscan)

  # vgscan

• Make the new partition into a PV

  # pvcreate /dev/hda4

• create a new volume group

  # vgcreate vg /dev/hda4

• Create a logical volume to hold the new root.

  # lvcreate -L250M -n root vg

13.8.7. Create the Filesystem

Make a filesystem in the logical volume and copy the root files onto it.

# mke2fs /dev/vg/root # mount /dev/vg/root /mnt/ # find / -xdev | cpio -pvmd /mnt

13.8.8. Update /etc/fstab

Edit /mnt/etc/fstab on the new root so that / is mounted on /dev/vg/root. For example:

/dev/hda3 / ext2 defaults 1 1

becomes:

/dev/vg/root / ext2 defaults 1 1

13.8.9. Create an LVM 1 initial RAM disk

# lvmcreate_initrd

Make sure you note the name that lvmcreate_initrd calls the initrd image. It should be in /boot.

13.8.10. Update /etc/lilo.conf

Add an entry in /etc/lilo.conf for LVM 1. This should look similar to the following:

image = /boot/KERNEL_IMAGE_NAME label = lvm root = /dev/vg/root initrd = /boot/INITRD_IMAGE_NAME ramdisk = 8192

Where KERNEL_IMAGE_NAME is the name of your LVM 1 enabled kernel, and INITRD_IMAGE_NAME is the name of the initrd image created by lvmcreate_initrd. The ramdisk line may need to be increased if you have a large LVM 1 configuration, but 8192 should suffice for most users. The default ramdisk size is 4096. If in doubt check the output from the lvmcreate_initrd command, the line that says:

lvmcreate_initrd -- making loopback file (6189 kB)

and make the ramdisk the size given in brackets.

You should copy this new lilo.conf onto /etc in the new root fs as well.

# cp /etc/lilo.conf /mnt/etc/

13.8.11. Run LILO to write the new boot sector

# lilo

13.8.12. Reboot to lvm

Reboot - at the LILO prompt type "lvm" The system should reboot into Linux using the newly created Logical Volume.

If that worked then you should make lvm the default LILO boot destination by adding the line

default=lvm

in the first section of /etc/lilo.conf

If it did not work then reboot normally and try to diagnose the problem. It could be a typing error in lilo.conf or LVM 1 not being available in the initial RAM disk or its kernel. Examine the message produced at boot time carefully.

13.8.13. Add remainder of disk

Add the rest of the disk into LVM 1. When you are happy with this setup you can then add the old root partition to LVM 1 and spread out over the disk.

First set the partition type to 8e(LVM)

# fdisk /dev/hda Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-4): 3 Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e Changed system type of partition 3 to 8e (Unknown) Command (m for help): w

Convert it into a PV and add it to the volume group:

# pvcreate /dev/hda3
# vgextend vg /dev/hda3
         

quantum theory

Do not take the lecture too seriously . . . just relax and enjoy it. I am going to tell you what nature behaves like. If you will simply admit that maybe she does behave like this, you will find her a delightful, entrancing thing. Do not keep saying to yourself "But how can it be like that?" because you will get . . . into a blind alley from which nobody has yet escaped. Nobody knows how it can be like that."

(Richard Feynman introducing a lecture about quantum theory)

Natural sciences always had a great influence on philosophy and on the way we see the world. Until the age of the Renaissance there was no clear distinction between philosophy and science. Speculations about physics and astronomy were among the favourite topics of the natural philosophers of antiquity and continued to flourish until the time of Copernicus. The desire to explore the starry heavens and to reveal its secrets is probably as old as mankind itself. However, notable advances in this discipline were made only fairly recently, after the invention of the telescope in the 17th century. This section deals with the accomplishments of 20th century physics in the world of the largest structures, such as galaxies and stars, and that of the smallest structures, such as atoms and particles. We take a closer look at Relativity and Quantum Physics in particular, both of which have given us amazing new insights into what we call creation.

Newton: the three laws of motion.

In the eyes of physics, the world used to be a predictable place. Aristotle and Ptolemy laid the foundation for the scientific understanding of the universe, which remained authoritative for one-and-a-half thousand years. Until the time of Galileo, the Greeks were undisputed in natural science and astronomy. Galileo, Copernicus, and Newton changed this. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) revolutionised physics with his proposition that all bodies are governed by the three laws of motion. The first law of motion states that a body continues in a state of rest or continues to be moving uniformly in a straight line unless a force is applied to the object. The second law states that the force applied to an object is proportional to its mass multiplied by acceleration (F=ma). The third law states that for every action there is an equal opposite reaction.

With these three simple laws, Newton created a whole new model of the universe, superseding Ptolemy's model of epicycles. Eighty years before, Galileo (1564-1642) had pointed out that the Earth rotates around the Sun. The mechanics developed by Newton and Galileo provided the basis for 17th to 19th century cosmology. In this view, planets revolved in well-defined orbits around stars, where the rotational force is balanced by the gravitational force. According to the universal law of gravitation, bodies attract each other with a force F=m1*m2/r², which means that the force increases with mass and decreases (squared) with distance.

Laplace: the mechanistic universe.

Given these natural laws, mankind derived a picture of the universe that accounts neatly for mass, position, and the motion of the celestial bodies while it interprets the latter as dynamic elements of a celestial apparatus, not unlike that of a mechanical apparatus. It is therefore called the mechanistic worldview. It was elaborated in its purest form by Marquis de Laplace (1749-1827) in his writing Mécanique Céleste. The mechanistic view sees the universe as an arrangement in which stars and planets interact with each other like springs and cogs in a clockwork, while God is watching from above. If the initial positions and states of all objects in a mechanically determined universe are known, all events can be predicted until the end of time, simply by applying the laws of mechanics. It was further thought that this kind of knowledge is available only to an omniscient God.

The mechanistic view does not make any statements about the creation of the universe. Things were taken as preestablished by the creator. From a mechanistic standpoint, solar systems like our own are in a delicate balance, because only a slight increase or decrease in mass or velocity of the planets would let the planets either spiral into the Sun or wander into outer space. There had to be a construction plan. There was a necessity for a creator God who initially put balance into the universe. Needless to say that the church was comfortable with this theory, despite the earlier quarrels with Galileo, and in spite of the fact that it generally viewed scientific progress with great suspicion.

Discovery of the speed of light.

In 1676 the Danish astronomer Ole Roemer (1644-1710) announced a remarkable discovery. He observed seasonal variations in the disappearances of Jupiter's moons behind Jupiter. Because the distance between Earth and Jupiter varies with the seasons, while the Earth travels on its path around the Sun, this means that the light from Jupiter's moons travels either shorter or longer distances throughout the year. The changes in Roemer's observation corresponded with the distances between Earth and Jupiter, which implied that the speed of light is finite. Roemer's observation did, however, not directly contradict the mechanistic worldview. In the mechanistic view, light waves travel through the ether, just as sound waves travel through air. - Yet, there was a problem with the concept of "ether". Its existence could never be detected.

At the end of the 19th century, the mechanistic view was in trouble. Astronomers noticed that Mercury's perihelion (the closest point to the Sun in its orbit) changed slightly with every orbit. This observation shattered the notion of immutable orbits. Astronomers tried to solve this problem by predicting a mystery planet they called Vulcan, which would account for the observed gravitational variations. Needless to say that it was never found.

The American physicists Michelson and Morley brought the mechanistic worldview into even more trouble. In an experiment, which was designed to measure the velocity of the earth, they found that the speed of light is constant, contrary to what they had expected. They found this characteristic of light to be in disagreement with the Galilean velocity addition formula v'=v1+v2, which means their observation contradicted classical mechanics.

Einstein changes everything.

At the beginning of the 20th century, a formerly unknown clerk of the Swiss patent office by the name of Albert Einstein thought to himself: "Falling objects don't feel gravity." He imagined what it would be like to ride through space on a beam of light and came to the conclusion that space and time can be visualised as coordinate systems, or "reference frames", relative to the observer. This was the basis for his Relativity Theory. At about the same time, other physicists pondered on equally fundamental problems, which concerned interactions of matter and radiation, but came to totally different conclusions than Einstein. The result of their collective thought, quantum theory, explained the behaviour of subatomic particles.

With this being written in the year 1999 it is safe to say that Relativity was the single most influential physical theory of the 20th century for the way it has changed our view of the universe. Not that other discoveries in physics were less significant, but few of them have been so well received by the general public. Relativity has grabbed people's imagination and sparked discussions in philosophy and religion which last until the present day. Quantum physics, although perhaps more pertinent to daily life, is a close second.

Is causality questioned by modern physics?

Relativity and Quantum Theory have implications on cosmology, epistemology, and metaphysics. We only begin to understand their impact on our traditional ways of seeing the world. How does God fit into our new picture of the universe? Can the stuff the world is made of be explained by physics alone? What is space and time? Does quantum physics contradict causality? To find out more about these questions and to learn about the findings of Einstein, Heisenberg, and others, take a closer look at the fascinating world of modern physics.

Top 6 Companies in India

Top Companies in India

6 of India's Top Companies and their Profiles.
India's most trusted companies are rated, ranked and profiled based on their impact on the Indian Business marketplace.

Infosys Technologies Reliance Wipro

Hindustan Lever Maruti Udyof Dr. Reddy's Lab

Infosys Technologies
A company that adds an organization equivalent to half its size every year poses a very stiff challenge to those reclusive strategists-the board of directories.With annual growth revenue of $1 billion plus,the board of directories include N.R. Narayana Murthy,Nandan Nilekani,Omkar Goswami,Larry pressler and Claude Smadja.

Infosys Technologies Ltd. provides consulting and IT services to clients globally - as partners to conceptualize and realize technology driven business transformation initiatives. With over 58,000 employees worldwide, we use a low-risk Global Delivery Model (GDM) to accelerate schedules with a high degree of time and cost predictability.
As one of the pioneers in strategic offshore outsourcing of software services, Infosys has leveraged the global trend of offshore outsourcing. Even as many software outsourcing companies were blamed for diverting global jobs to cheaper offshore outsourcing destinations like India and China, Infosys was recently applauded by Wired magazine for its unique offshore outsourcing strategy — it singled out Infosys for turning the outsourcing myth around and bringing jobs back to the US.

Reliance Industries
Dhirubhai Ambani founded Reliance as a textile company and led its evolution as a global leader in the materials and energy value chain businesses. He is credited to have brought about the equity cult in India in the late seventies and is regarded as an icon for enterprise in India. He epitomized the spirit 'dare to dream and learn to excel'.

Today Mukesh Ambani,chairman of the India’s biggest private sector company. By investing Rs 10,500 crore at one go in Reliance Infocomm,the group’s telecom venture,has proved that Reliance can pull off big projects-not just in petrochemicals,but also in any other field it lays hands on.

In just one year after its launch, Reliance Infocomm has garnered 7 million subscribers for its mobile telephone services.Its services are now available in more cities and towns than any competitor,baring the state owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam which has been in the business for than four decades.

Wipro
Azim Premji,chairman of Wipro says continuing to believe in our long term strategy ,building a complete range of IT and BPO solutions for our customers,deep engagement in R&D services and technology domain and significant leverage from our India Business.

Premji says he will not easily forget the hammering Wipro received from analysts when it entered the BPO space buyout of spectramind in july 2002.Wipro’s entire focuss is now on getting the organization ready to handle huge IT outsourcing deals-perhaps in excess of hundreds of millions of dollars.

Hindustan Lever
Hindustan Lever Limited (also called HLL) is India's largest consumer products company and is headquartered in Mumbai. Lever Brothers India Limited was formed in 1933 which became Hindustan Lever Limited. It has 41,000 employees. HLL is the market leader in Indian products such as tea, soaps, detergents. As of May 2006, it is headed by Mr Douglas Bailey.

Hind Lever's water debut in Jan Consumer foods giant Hindustan Lever will launch its water business in January 2004. The foray was significant for Hindustan Lever because its British parent, Unilever Plc, was likely to go in for a global launch of the water business in select markets if the experiment turned out to be successful in India, Hindustan Lever executives said.
The company has ruled out its entry through the "purified water in bottles" line, and is looking at tapping the purified water dispensers market by targeting the household sector, a market that is estimated at around Rs 200 crore (Rs 2 billion).
The equipment would provide purified water much cheaper to domestic consumers, compared with bottled water, Hindustan Lever sources said.
With Hindustan Lever entering the water business, the competition is expected to heat up in the domestic market.

Maruti Udyog
Maruti Udyog Limited (MUL) was established in Feb 1981 through an Act of Parliament, to meet the growing demand of a personal mode of transport caused by the lack of an efficient public transport system.

Suzuki Motor Company was chosen from seven prospective partners worldwide. This was due not only to their undisputed leadership in small cars but also to their commitment to actively bring to MUL contemporary technology and Japanese management practices (which had catapulted Japan over USA to the status of the top auto manufacturing country in the world).

A licence and a Joint Venture agreement was signed between Govt of India and Suzuki Motor Company (now Suzuki Motor Corporation of Japan) in Oct 1982

As opposed to marketshare,opportunities share-as conceived by Maruti Udyog’s managing director Jagdish Khattar – Is the portion of business that a company captures from new opportunities which the company itself creates. Khattar believes that all market leaders must concentrate more on creating fundamentally new opportunities and grabbing a larger share of business from those than existing market.

DR.Reddy’s Lab

Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories was founded by Dr Anji Reddy, a entrepreneur-scientist, in 1984. The DNA of the company is drawn from its founder and his vision to establish India’s first discovery led global pharmaceutical company. In fact, it is this spirit of entrepreneurship that has shaped the company to become what it is today.

Dr Anji Reddy, having moved out of Standard Organics Limited, a company he had successfully co-founded, started Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories with $ 40,000 in cash and $120,000 in bank loan! Today, the company with revenues of Rs.1947 crore (US $446 million), as of fiscal year 2005, is India’s second largest pharmaceutical company and the youngest among its peer group.

The company has several distinctions to its credit. Being the first pharmaceutical company from Asia Pacific (outside Japan) to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange (on April 11, 2001) is only one among them. And as always, Dr. Reddy’s chose to do it in the most difficult of circumstances against widespread skepticism. Dr. Reddy’s came up trumps not only having its stock oversubscribed but also becoming the best performing IPO that year.

Dr. Anji Reddy is well known for his passion for research and drug discovery. Dr. Reddy’s started its drug discovery programme in 1993 and within three years it achieved its first breakthrough by outlicensing an anti-diabetes molecule to Novo Nordisk in March 1997. With this very small but significant step, the Indian industry went through a paradigm shift in its image from being known as just ‘copycats’ to ‘innovators’! Through its success, Dr. Reddy’s pioneered drug discovery in India. There are several
such inflection points in the company’s evolution from a bulk drug (API) manufacturer into a vertically integrated global pharmaceutical company today.

Today, the company manufactures and markets API (Bulk Actives), Finished Dosages and Biologics in over 100 countries worldwide, in addition to having a very promising Drug Discovery Pipeline. When Dr. Reddy’s started its first big move in 1986 from manufacturing and marketing bulk actives to the domestic (Indian) market to manufacturing and exporting difficult-to-manufacture bulk actives such as Methyldopa to highly regulated overseas markets, it had to not only overcome regulatory and legal hurdles but also battle deeply entrenched mind-set issues of Indian Pharma being seen as producers of 'cheap' and therefore ‘low quality’ pharmaceuticals. Today, the Indian pharma industry, in stark contrast, is known globally for its proven high quality-low cost advantage in delivering safe and effective pharmaceuticals. This transition, a tough and often-perilous one, was made possible thanks to the pioneering efforts of companies such as Dr. Reddy’s.

Shayaris

kyun marte ho bewafa sanam ke liye, do gaz zameen bhi nahi milegi dafan ke liye
marna hai toh watan-e-hind ke liye maro , hasinaye bhi duppatta utar dengi tumhare kafan ke liye


lamha lamha waqt gujar jaayega , 7 phro main ke baad koi tumse bandh jaayega
abhi bhi waqt hai kisise affair kar lo , na jaane kaunsa sample tumhe saup diya jaayega


Na jaane woh humse kya chupati thi, kuch toh tha uske hotho pe magar na jaane kyun sharmati thi ,
jab humne muh khulwa ke dekha toh pata chala saali manikchand khati thi



Koi dikha ke roye,koi chupa ke roye,hume rulanewala hume rula ke roye,
marne ka mazaa toh tab hai jab kaatil bhi zanaze pe aake roye


Insano ke kandhe par insan jaa rahe hai,
kafanon main lipte hue armaan jaa rahe hai,
jinhe nahi mili mahobbat duniya main,
mohabbat paane woh kabrastan jaa rahe hai


Ashiq ankho ki baat samajh lete hai,
woh khwabo me aayen toh mulakat samajh lete hai,
rota hai aasman apni zamin ke liye,
log pagal hai usse barsat samajh lete hain…



Jo sagar ne kaha lehron se,
Jo ped ne kaha patto se,
jo phoolon ne kaha kaliyon se,
wohi main tumhe kehta hun,
aey chal chal hawa aane de



Kisi ko kisi ki judai maar gayi. Kisi ko zindagi ki tanhai maar gayi.
Ravan bhi bura aadmi nahin tha doston, use to Ram ki lugai maar gayi..


ek aishwaarya thi deewani si shahrukh pe wo marti thi, najre jhukake,sharma ke hritik ki galiyo se gujarti thi, chori chori salman ko chittiya likha karti thi kuch kahena tha shayad ajay se par na jane kis se darti thi jab bhi milti thi vivek se hamesha pucha karti thi ABHISEKH kaisa hai


lehar ko pyar tha kinaro se , par uski shaadi ho gayi samadar se
kinare ki prit lehero ko khich ke apne pass le aati hai,badnaam na ho mahobbat uski isiliye woh lot jati hai


Pyar vyar tho ek bahana hai.
Ankhen mile na mile honthon ko milana hai..
Yehi style hai sab ashiqon ka kya kare yar.
Raj kapur ka nahi Imran Hashim ka zamana hai..


ANAND jab BOMBAY TO GOA gaya to DON ban gaya. Uske raaste ke pathar KABHI KABHI uski MILLI ke KASME VAADE ki tarah ABHIMAAN paida kar oose PARWANA ban ne par MAJBOOR kar deta the.

BARSAAT KI EK RAAT mein LAAWARIS dil me SHOLAY bhadak uthe. Logon se YAARANA badhakar ye SAUDAGAR apna KHOON PASINA bahata hua ek SILSILA jamata raha.

Lekin hai re NASEEB! Ek NAMAK HALAAL par ek NAMAK HARAAM ne TRISHUL phek kar oose KHUDDAR se DESH DROHI bana diya. ANDHA KANOON aur ADAALAT kabhi is MR. NATWARLAL ko GIRAFTAAR na kar sake. Woh MAHAAN se NAASTIK ban kar kabhi AMAR AKBAR ANTHONY, kabhi SHARABI, kabhi KAALIA, kabhi COOLIE ban ta. Aur kabhi HERA PHERI kar SATTE PE SATTA marta.

Lekin ek din wo KAALA PATHTHAR ek DESH PREMI ban gaya. Oos MARD me ek SHAKTI jaagi aur wo MUQADDAR KA SIKANDAR samay ki GANGA JAMNA SARASWATI paar kar SHAHENSHAH ban gaya!

HUM ye nahi jaante ke kal KOUN BANEGA CROREPATI? Sirf itna jaante hai ki agar aap ko bhi iis AGNEEPATH aur KOHRAM se guzar na hai to to aap bhi AAJ KA ARJUN ban kar dekh lo. AKELA nikal pado TOOFAN ki tarah AAKHRI RASTA ki taraf! Agar MRITYUDAATA bane to hathon me ZANZEER hogi aur apne aap ko DEEWAR ke ander paoge. Aur MAJOR SAAB bane to RAAM BALRAAM ki tarah SHAAN se AJOOBA paoge.